A friend in need перевод сомерсет моэм. Анализ «A friend in need»by William Somerset Maugham

Lenny’s reliance on Edward ended up costing him his life and the reader senses that Edward does not really feel anything when it comes to Lenny’s death. Rather than simply offering Lenny a job (even though there was no vacancy) Edward decides upon issuing Lenny with a challenge. How desperate Lenny may have been is noticeable by the fact that though he knows he is physically out of condition he still nonetheless attempts to do the swim. For many readers this would be a warning sign into Edward’s character however the narrator himself through judging Edward by appearance considers Edward to be a good man. Though both Lenny and Edward were merely acquaintances Edward should have known better than to issue the challenge to Lenny. It is as though life is a game to Edward. Should Lenny have been successful he still may not have gotten a job from Edward as there was no vacancy. There is also no doubting that Lenny needed help. His circumstances had changed dramatically due to his lifestyle yet the reality was he did not know anybody well enough that might be able to help him. Hence Lenny reaching out to Edward.

It is also possible that Maugham is asking the reader to define what friendship is. In the story there is no real connection between any of the characters apart from periods when they may be drinking or playing bridge together. The reader never really gets to know what makes each character tick. Which may be important as Maugham may be suggesting that friendship is elusive. You might think you know somebody, as the narrator thinks he knows Edward, but the reality may be very different. Just as you can incorrectly judge somebody by their appearance. Similarly you may not necessarily know somebody just because you spent a brief moment with them. It can take time to know who a person is. You need to see a person at their best and their worst before you can not only formulate an opinion about the person but also to see if there is the possibility that you might become friends with the person. This may have been the mistake that Lenny made. Through desperation he thought that perhaps Edward might be able to help. However the reality is Lenny and Edward were no more than two individuals who happened to play cards together.

The end of the story is interesting if not shocking as the reader really gets an insight into how Edward thinks. He is cold and lacks compassion when it comes to Lenny’s death. He does not consider himself to be responsible in anyway nor does he suffer from any guilt. As mentioned life is a game to Edward. It did not bother him that someone he knew came to him seeking his help. As Edward did not view Lenny as being a friend. Something which ended up costing Lenny his life. The fact that Edward chuckles when asked by the narrator did he know that Lenny would drown is also interesting. As in many ways this sums up Edward’s reaction to Lenny’s death. A desperate and hopeless man has lost his life and Edward views what happened as no more than a business transaction. A transaction which the reader suspects that Edward looks upon favourably. Despite the narrator telling the reader that Edward ‘looked at me with those kind and candid blue eyes of his.’ The reader is left suspecting that not only Lenny but the narrator too have been fooled by Edward’s appearance. He is not the man that he appears to be and he is most definitely not a friend to either Lenny or the narrator.

For thirty years now I have been studying my fellow–men. I do not know very much about them. I should certainly hesitate to engage a servant on his face, and yet I suppose it is on the face that for the most part we judge the persons we meet. We draw our conclusions from the shape of the jaw, the look in the eyes, the contour of the mouth. I wonder if we are more often right than wrong. Why novels and plays are so often untrue to life is because their authors, perhaps of necessity, make their characters all of a piece. They cannot afford to make them self–contradictory, for then they become incomprehensible, and yet self–contradictory is what most of us are. We are a haphazard bundle of inconsistent qualities. In books on logic they will tell you that it is absurd to say that yellow is tubular or gratitude heavier than air; but in that mixture of incongruities that makes up the self yellow may very well be a horse and cart and gratitude the middle of next week. I shrug my shoulders when people tell me that their first impressions of a person are always right. I think they must have small insight or great vanity. For my own part I find that the longer I know people the more they puzzle me: my oldest friends are just those of whom I can say that I don’t know the first thing about them.

These reflections have occurred to me because I read in this morning’s paper that Edward Hyde Burton had died at Kobe. He was a merchant and he had been in business in Japan for many years. I knew him very little, but he interested me because once he gave me a great surprise. Unless I had heard the story from his own lips I should never have believed that he was capable of such an action. It was more startling because both in appearance and manner he suggested a very definite type. Here if ever was a man all of a piece. He was a tiny little fellow, not much more than five feet four in height, and very slender, with white hair, a red face much wrinkled, and blue eyes. I suppose he was about sixty when I knew him. He was always neatly and quietly dressed in accordance with his age and station.

Though his offices were in Kobe, Burton often came down to Yokohama. I happened on one occasion to be spending a few days there, waiting for a ship, and I was introduced to him at the British Club. We played bridge together. He played a good game and a generous one. He did not talk very much, either then or later when we were having drinks, but what he said was sensible. He had a quiet, dry humour. He seemed to be popular at the club and afterwards, when he had gone, they described him as one of the best. It happened that we were both staying at the Grand Hotel and next day he asked me to dine with him. I met his wife, fat, elderly, and smiling, and his two daughters. It was evidently a united and affectionate family. I think the chief thing that struck me about Burton was his kindliness. There was something very pleasing in his mild blue eyes. His voice was gentle; you could not imagine that he could possibly raise it in anger; his smile was benign. Here was a man who attracted you because you felt in him a real love for his fellows. He had charm. But there was nothing mawkish in him: he liked his game of cards and his cocktail, he could tell with point a good and spicy story, and in his youth he had been something of an athlete. He was a rich man and he had made every penny himself. I suppose one thing that made you like him was that he was so small and frail; he aroused your instincts of protection. You felt that he could not bear to hurt a fly.

One afternoon I was sitting in the lounge of the Grand Hotel. This was before the earthquake and they had leather arm–chairs there. From the windows you had a spacious view of the harbour with its crowded traffic. There were great liners on their way to Vancouver and San Francisco or to Europe by way of Shanghai, Hong–Kong, and Singapore; there were tramps of all nations, battered and sea–worn, junks with their high sterns and great coloured sails, and innumerable sampans. It was a busy, exhilarating scene, and yet, I know not why, restful to the spirit. Here was romance and it seemed that you had but to stretch out your hand to touch it.

Burton came into the lounge presently and caught sight of me. He seated himself in the chair next to mine.

‘What do you say to a little drink?’

He clapped his hands for a boy and ordered two gin fizzes. As the boy brought them a man passed along the street outside and seeing me waved his hand.

‘Do you know Turner?’ said Burton as I nodded a greeting.
‘I’ve met him at the club. I’m told he’s a remittance man.’
‘Yes, I believe he is. We have a good many here.’
‘He plays bridge well.’
‘They generally do. There was a fellow here last year, oddly enough a namesake of mine, who was the best bridge player I ever met. I suppose you never came across him in London. Lenny Burton he called himself. I believe he’d belonged to some very good clubs.’
‘No, I don’t believe I remember the name.’
‘He was quite a remarkable player. He seemed to have an instinct about the cards. It was uncanny. I used to play with him a lot. He was in Kobe for some time.’

Burton sipped his gin fizz.

‘It’s rather a funny story,’ he said. ‘He wasn’t a bad chap. I liked him. He was always well–dressed and smart–looking. He was handsome in a way with curly hair and pink–and–white cheeks. Women thought a lot of him. There was no harm in him, you know, he was only wild. Of course he drank too much. Those sort of fellows always do. A bit of money used to come in for him once a quarter and he made a bit more by card–playing. He won a good deal of mine, I know that.’
Burton gave a kindly chuckle. I knew from my own experience that he could lose money at bridge with a good grace. He stroked his shaven chin with his thin hand; the veins stood out on it and it was almost transparent.

‘I suppose that is why he came to me when he went broke, that and the fact that he was a namesake of mine. He came to see me in my office one day and asked me for a job. I was rather surprised. He told me that there was no more money coming from home and he wanted to work. I asked him how old he was.

‘“Thirty–five,” he said. ‘
“And what have you been doing hitherto?” I asked him.
‘“Well, nothing very much,” he said.

‘I couldn’t help laughing.

‘“I’m afraid I can’t do anything for you just yet,” I said. “Come back and see me in another thirty–five years, and I’ll see what I can do.‘
“He didn’t move. He went rather pale. He hesitated for a moment and then he told me that he had had bad luck at cards for some time. He hadn’t been willing to stick to bridge, he’d been playing poker, and he’d got trimmed. He hadn’t a penny. He’d pawned everything he had. He couldn’t pay his hotel bill and they wouldn’t give him any more credit. He was down and out. If he couldn’t get something to do he’d have to commit suicide.

‘I looked at him for a bit. I could see now that he was all to pieces. He’d been drinking more than usual and he looked fifty. The girls wouldn’t have thought so much of him if they’d seen him then. ‘

“Well, isn’t there anything you can do except play cards?” I asked him. ‘
“I can swim,” he said.
‘“Swim!” ‘I could hardly believe my ears; it seemed such an insane answer to give. ‘
“I swam for my university.”

‘I got some glimmering of what he was driving at, I’ve known too many men who were little tin gods at their university to be impressed by it. ‘

“I was a pretty good swimmer myself when I was a young man,” I said.

‘Suddenly I had an idea.’

Pausing in his story, Burton turned to me.

‘Do you know Kobe?’ he asked.
‘No,’ I said, ‘I passed through it once, but I only spent a night there.’
‘Then you don’t know the Shioya Club. When I was a young man I swam from there round the beacon and landed at the creek of Tarumi. It’s over three miles and it’s rather difficult on account of the currents round the beacon. Well, I told my young namesake about it and I said to him that if he’d do it I’d give him a job.

‘I could see he was rather taken aback. ‘
“You say you’re a swimmer,” I said. ‘
“I’m not in very good condition,” he answered.
‘I didn’t say anything. I shrugged my shoulders. He looked at me for a moment and then he nodded. ‘
“All right,” he said. “When do you want me to do it?”
‘I looked at my watch. It was just after ten.
‘“The swim shouldn’t take you much over an hour and a quarter. I’ll drive round to the creek at half past twelve and meet you. I’ll take you back to the club to dress and then we’ll have lunch together.”
‘“Done,” he said.

‘We shook hands. I wished him good luck and he left me. I had a lot of work to do that morning and I only just managed to get to the creek at Tarumi at half past twelve. But I needn’t have hurried; he never turned up.’
‘Did he funk it at the last moment?’ I asked.
‘No, he didn’t funk it. He started all right. But of course he’d ruined his constitution by drink and dissipation. The currents round the beacon were more than he could manage. We didn’t get the body for about three days.’

I didn’t say anything for a moment or two. I was a trifle shocked. Then I asked Burton a question.
‘When you made him that offer of a job, did you know he’d be drowned?’

He gave a little mild chuckle and he looked at me with those kind and candid blue eyes of his. He rubbed his chin with his hand.

‘Well, I hadn’t got a vacancy in my office at the moment.’

ДРУГ ПОЗНАЁТСЯ…
Сомерсет Моэм
(перевод В. Райкина)

Целых тридцать лет я изучаю людей, но по-прежнему знаю о них очень мало. Я не решусь нанять слугу только на основании формы и выражения его лица; однако же, именно так мы судим о незнакомцах. Делаем выводы исходя из размеров челюсти, выражения глаз, изгиба губ. Было бы любопытно проверить, как часто мы оказываемся правы. Причина, по которой жизнь в романах и пьесах предстаёт упрощённой, заключается в том, что их авторы - наверное, по необходимости - делают своих героев чересчур цельными, избегают внутренних противоречий, чтобы не запутать читателя. Однако, в большинстве своём мы внутренне противоречивы и являем собой путаницу случайных и часто несовместимых качеств. В учебниках по логике говорится, что абсурдны утверждения типа «желтое является полым» или «благодарность тяжелее, чем воздух». Но в калейдоскопе элементов, составляющих чью-либо личность, «жёлтое» может предстать конным фургоном, а «благодарность» - утром следующей среды. Когда я слышу, что первое впечатление о человеке - самое верное, я только пожимаю плечами; по-моему, верить в это могут лишь очень недалёкие или очень тщеславные люди. О себе могу сказать, что чем дольше я с человеком знаком, тем меньше его знаю, и хуже всего я знаю самых старых моих друзей.

Такие мысли нахлынули на меня, когда в утренней газете я прочёл, что в Кобе скончался Эдвард Хайд Бёртон. Это был коммерсант, много лет занимавшийся бизнесом в Японии. Моё с ним знакомство было недолгим, но запоминающимся, поскольку однажды он меня здорово удивил. Не услышь я эту историю от него самого, ни за что бы не поверил, что он был на такое способен. Его поступок был тем более шокирующим, что манеры Бёртона находились в точном согласии с его внешностью, - это была сама цельность, если таковая вообще существует. А был он маленький, чуть выше метра шестидесяти, стройный, белоголовый, с морщинистым красным лицом и голубыми глазами. Когда мы познакомились, ему, думаю, было около шестидесяти. Одевался он всегда аккуратно и неброско, соответственно своему возрасту и положению.

Хотя его офис находился в Кобе, Бёртон часто приезжал в Иокагаму, где мне однажды пришлось несколько дней дожидаться парохода. Нас представили друг другу за партией в бридж в Британском Клубе. Играл он хорошо и не скупился. Был немногословен - как во время игры, так и после, за коктейлями, - но если уж говорил, то по делу. Шутил метко, не повышая голоса. В клубе Бёртон был весьма известен и потом, когда перестал там бывать, о нём вспоминали, как об одном из лучших. Когда выяснилось, что мы оба остановились в Гранд Отеле, он пригласил меня на другой день вместе поужинать. Я познакомился с его женой - пожилой, полной и улыбчивой женщиной - и с двумя их дочерьми. По всему было видно, что это дружная, любящая семья. Думаю, что в первую очередь меня привлекла доброжелательность Бёртона. Голубизна его глаз была успокаивающей, а голос - мягким, было трудно представить его гневно повышенным; улыбка - кроткой. Бёртон излучал расположение к ближнему, но в нём не было приторной сентиментальности. Он был обаятелен, любил карты и лёгкую выпивку, мог рассказать солёный анекдот; а в молодости был атлетом. Да, Бёртон был богат, но всё своё состояние, до последнего пенса, заработал сам. Ещё, думаю, многим нравились его малый рост и хрупкость - такого хотелось взять под защиту, казалось, он не обидит и мухи.

Однажды днём я сидел в холле при гостиничном баре - тогда, ещё до большого землетрясения, там стояли кожаные кресла. Из окна открывалась панорама гавани, полной разнообразных судов и судёнышек. Там высились величественные океанские лайнеры, направлявшиеся в Ванкувер, Сан Франциско, или Европу - через Шанхай, Гонг-Конг или Сингапур; на их фоне плыли тяжёлые грузовые суда под флагами всех стран мира; умело лавировали потрёпанные штормами джонки с задранными носами и огромными яркими парусами; шныряли бесчисленные сампаны*. Удивительно, но эта картина неугомонного труда и движения успокаивала. Романтика дальних странствий просто висела в воздухе, казалось, до неё можно было дотронуться.

Войдя в холл, Бёртон сразу меня увидел, подошёл и опустился в соседнее кресло.

А не пропустить ли нам по стаканчику?

Хлопком он подозвал слугу и заказал две порции джина с тоником. В тот момент, когда слуга принёс напитки, проходивший по улице человек увидел меня через окно и помахал рукой.

Вы знакомы с Тёрнером? - Спросил Бёртон, когда я кивнул в ответ.

Мы познакомились в клубе. Говорят, он живёт на переводы из дома.

Да, скорее всего, здесь таких пруд пруди.

- … и хороший игрок в бридж.

Как большинство из них. В прошлом году здесь был один такой, кстати, мой тёзка, лучший бриджист из всех, кого я знал. Вы могли его встречать в Лондоне - Ленни Бёртон. Кажется, он состоял в хороших клубах.

Не припоминаю.

Потрясающий игрок! У него был особый карточный инстинкт, этому нельзя научиться. Я с ним играл много раз. Какое-то время он прожил в Кобе.
Бёртон отхлебнул из стакана.

С ним связана одна престранная история. Это был симпатичный малый, и мне он нравился. Хорошо одевался и был не глуп. К тому же красавчик - кудрявый, розовощёкий, любимец женщин. И совершенно безобидный, разве что немного дурно воспитан. Выпить, конечно, любил, как и вся эта братия. Раз в квартал он получал небольшой перевод по почте, добавляя картами. Я сам ему спустил немало.

Бёртон добродушно хмыкнул. Я знал, что Бёртон умеет благородно проигрывать. Он погладил гладко выбритый подбородок своей тонкой, едва ли не прозрачной рукой, на которой сквозь кожу просвечивали вены.

Думаю, поэтому, сев на мель, он обратился за помощью именно ко мне. И ещё потому, что мы были тёзки. Однажды он появился у меня в офисе и попросил взять его на работу, чем весьма удивил. Объяснил, что из дома перестали слать деньги, и он нуждается в заработке. Я спросил, сколько ему лет.

«Тридцать пять.»

«И какой Вы владеете профессией?»

«Да в общем-то, никакой.»

Я подавил смешок.

«Боюсь, не смогу Вам помочь, - говорю. - Заходите лет ещё через тридцать пять, тогда поговорим.»

Он не двинулся с места и побледнел, как мел. Помолчав с минуту, признался, что в последнее время ему не везло. Кроме бриджа он взялся за покер и проигрался вчистую. Остался без гроша, заложил всё, что мог, теперь было нечем расплатиться с гостиницей, и ему перестали верить в долг. Положение безвыходное, и если он не найдёт работы, останется только самоубийство.

Я вгляделся в него и увидел, что он-таки был у края. Пил больше обычного и выглядел на все пятьдесят. Даже девушки, думаю, от него отвернулись.

«И всё-таки, Вы хоть что-нибудь умеете, кроме игры в карты?» - Спросил я.

«Плавать могу,» - говорит.

«Плавать!» - Я не поверил своим ушам.

«Я плавал за сборную университета.»

Я-то понял, что он имел в виду, но это меня не впечатлило: слишком многие из моих знакомых в юности походили на бронзовые статуэтки.

В молодости я сам был отличным пловцом, - вставил я.

И тут меня осенило.

Бёртон сделал паузу и развернулся ко мне.

Вы хорошо знаете Кобе?

Нет. Был там однажды проездом, всего один вечер.

Тогда Вы не знаете клуб Шиойя. В молодости я проплывал от него вокруг маяка до устья ручья в Таруми. Это больше трёх миль, и плыть трудно из-за сильных течений вокруг маяка. Я рассказал моему тёзке про этот маршрут и добавил, что если он проплывёт по нему, я возьму его на работу. Он пришёл в замешательство.

«Но Вы же сами сказали, что Вы отличный пловец.»

«Да, но… теперь я не в лучшей форме.»

Я промолчал, только пожал плечами. Он бросил на меня всего один взгляд и сразу кивнул.

«Я согласен. Когда надо плыть?»

Я посмотрел на часы - только что минуло десять.

«Заплыв не займёт у Вас больше часа с четвертью, я подъеду к ручью в половине первого, отвезу Вас обратно в клуб, там Вы сможете переодеться, а потом мы пообедаем вместе.»

«Договорились.»

Мы пожали друг другу руки, я пожелал ему удачи, и он ушёл. В то утро навалилось много работы, и я едва успел приехать в половине первого. Но можно было не спешить - он так и не появился.

Струсил в последний момент?

Нет, не струсил, он отплыл от условленного места. Но его здоровье было подорвано пьянкой и рассеянным образом жизни - и он не смог совладать с течениями. Три дня спустя нам удалось обнаружить тело.

Поражённый рассказом, я не мог произнести ни слова, и только через пару минут спросил Бёртона:

Знали ли Вы - делая ему предложение- знали ли Вы, что он утонет?

Бёртон ответил мягким покашливанием и посмотрел на меня своими добрыми и честными голубыми глазами. Поглаживая подбородок, он сказал:

В тот момент у меня не было вакансий.

A Friend In Need
By Somerset Maugham

♦
For thirty years now I have been studying my fellow-men. I do not know very much about them. I should certainly hesitate to engage a servant on his face, and yet I suppose it is on the face that for the most part we judge the persons we meet. We draw our conclusions from the shape of the jaw, the look in the eyes, the contour of the mouth. I wonder if we are more often right than wrong. Why novels and plays are so often untrue to life is because their authors, perhaps of necessity, make their characters all of a piece. They cannot afford to make them self-contradictory, for then they become incomprehensible, and yet self-contradictory is what most of us are. We are a haphazard bundle of inconsistent qualities. In books on logic they will tell you that it is absurd to say that yellow is tubular or gratitude heavier than air; but in that mixture of incongruities that makes up the self yellow may very well be a horse and cart and gratitude the middle of next week. I shrug my shoulders when people tell me that their first impressions of a person are always right. I think they must have small insight or great vanity. For my own part I find that the longer I know people the more they puzzle me: my oldest friends are just those of whom I can say that I don’t know the first thing about them.

These reflections have occurred to me because I read in this morning’s paper that Edward Hyde Burton had died at Kobe. He was a merchant and he had been in business in Japan for many years. I knew him very little, but he interested me because once he gave me a great surprise. Unless I had heard the story from his own lips I should never have believed that he was capable of such an action. It was more startling because both in appearance and manner he suggested a very definite type. Here if ever was a man all of a piece. He was a tiny little fellow, not much more than five feet four in height, and very slender, with white hair, a red face much wrinkled, and blue eyes. I suppose he was about sixty when I knew him. He was always neatly and quietly dressed in accordance with his age and station.

Though his offices were in Kobe, Burton often came down to Yokohama. I happened on one occasion to be spending a few days there, waiting for a ship, and I was introduced to him at the British Club. We played bridge together. He played a good game and a generous one. He did not talk very much, either then or later when we were having drinks, but what he said was sensible. He had a quiet, dry humour. He seemed to be popular at the club and afterwards, when he had gone, they described him as one of the best. It happened that we were both staying at the Grand Hotel and next day he asked me to dine with him. I met his wife, fat, elderly, and smiling, and his two daughters. It was evidently a united and affectionate family. I think the chief thing that struck me about Burton was his kindliness. There was something very pleasing in his mild blue eyes. His voice was gentle; you could not imagine that he could possibly raise it in anger; his smile was benign. Here was a man who attracted you because you felt in him a real love for his fellows. He had charm. But there was nothing mawkish in him: he liked his game of cards and his cocktail, he could tell with point a good and spicy story, and in his youth he had been something of an athlete. He was a rich man and he had made every penny himself. I suppose one thing that made you like him was that he was so small and frail; he aroused your instincts of protection. You felt that he could not bear to hurt a fly.

One afternoon I was sitting in the lounge of the Grand Hotel. This was before the earthquake and they had leather arm-chairs there. From the windows you had a spacious view of the harbour with its crowded traffic. There were great liners on their way to Vancouver and San Francisco or to Europe by way of Shanghai, Hong-Kong, and Singapore; there were tramps of all nations, battered and sea-worn, junks with their high sterns and great coloured sails, and innumerable sampans. It was a busy, exhilarating scene, and yet, I know not why, restful to the spirit. Here was romance and it seemed that you had but to stretch out your hand to touch it.

Burton came into the lounge presently and caught sight of me. He seated himself in the chair next to mine.

‘What do you say to a little drink?’

He clapped his hands for a boy and ordered two gin fizzes. As the boy brought them a man passed along the street outside and seeing me waved his hand.

‘Do you know Turner?’ said Burton as I nodded a greeting.

‘I’ve met him at the club. I’m told he’s a remittance man.’

‘Yes, I believe he is. We have a good many here.’

‘He plays bridge well.’

‘They generally do. There was a fellow here last year, oddly enough a namesake of mine, who was the best bridge player I ever met. I suppose you never came across him in London. Lenny Burton he called himself. I believe he’d belonged to some very good clubs.’

‘No, I don’t believe I remember the name.’

‘He was quite a remarkable player. He seemed to have an instinct about the cards. It was uncanny. I used to play with him a lot. He was in Kobe for some time.’

Burton sipped his gin fizz.

‘It’s rather a funny story,’ he said. ‘He wasn’t a bad chap. I liked him. He was always well-dressed and smart-looking. He was handsome in a way with curly hair and pink-and-white cheeks. Women thought a lot of him. There was no harm in him, you know, he was only wild. Of course he drank too much. Those sort of fellows always do. A bit of money used to come in for him once a quarter and he made a bit more by card-playing. He won a good deal of mine, I know that.’

Burton gave a kindly chuckle. I knew from my own experience that he could lose money at bridge with a good grace. He stroked his shaven chin with his thin hand; the veins stood out on it and it was almost transparent.

‘I suppose that is why he came to me when he went broke, that and the fact that he was a namesake of mine. He came to see me in my office one day and asked me for a job. I was rather surprised. He told me that there was no more money coming from home and he wanted to work. I asked him how old he was.

‘“Thirty-five,” he said. ‘

“And what have you been doing hitherto?” I asked him.

‘“Well, nothing very much,” he said.

‘I couldn’t help laughing.

‘“I’m afraid I can’t do anything for you just yet,” I said. “Come back and see me in another thirty-five years, and I’ll see what I can do.‘
“He didn’t move. He went rather pale. He hesitated for a moment and then he told me that he had had bad luck at cards for some time. He hadn’t been willing to stick to bridge, he’d been playing poker, and he’d got trimmed. He hadn’t a penny. He’d pawned everything he had. He couldn’t pay his hotel bill and they wouldn’t give him any more credit. He was down and out. If he couldn’t get something to do he’d have to commit suicide.

‘I looked at him for a bit. I could see now that he was all to pieces. He’d been drinking more than usual and he looked fifty. The girls wouldn’t have thought so much of him if they’d seen him then. ‘
“Well, isn’t there anything you can do except play cards?” I asked him. ‘

“I can swim,” he said.

‘“Swim!” ‘I could hardly believe my ears; it seemed such an insane answer to give. ‘

“I swam for my university.”

‘I got some glimmering of what he was driving at, I’ve known too many men who were little tin gods at their university to be impressed by it. ‘

“I was a pretty good swimmer myself when I was a young man,” I said.

‘Suddenly I had an idea.’

Pausing in his story, Burton turned to me.

‘Do you know Kobe?’ he asked.

‘No,’ I said, ‘I passed through it once, but I only spent a night there.’

‘Then you don’t know the Shioya Club. When I was a young man I swam from there round the beacon and landed at the creek of Tarumi. It’s over three miles and it’s rather difficult on account of the currents round the beacon. Well, I told my young namesake about it and I said to him that if he’d do it I’d give him a job.

‘I could see he was rather taken aback. ‘

“You say you’re a swimmer,” I said. ‘

“I’m not in very good condition,” he answered.

‘I didn’t say anything. I shrugged my shoulders. He looked at me for a moment and then he nodded. ‘

“All right,” he said. “When do you want me to do it?”

‘I looked at my watch. It was just after ten.

‘“The swim shouldn’t take you much over an hour and a quarter. I’ll drive round to the creek at half past twelve and meet you. I’ll take you back to the club to dress and then we’ll have lunch together.”

‘“Done,” he said.

‘We shook hands. I wished him good luck and he left me. I had a lot of work to do that morning and I only just managed to get to the creek at Tarumi at half past twelve. But I needn’t have hurried; he never turned up.’

‘Did he funk it at the last moment?’ I asked.

‘No, he didn’t funk it. He started all right. But of course he’d ruined his constitution by drink and dissipation. The currents round the beacon were more than he could manage. We didn’t get the body for about three days.’

I didn’t say anything for a moment or two. I was a trifle shocked. Then I asked Burton a question.

‘When you made him that offer of a job, did you know he’d be drowned?’

He gave a little mild chuckle and he looked at me with those kind and candid blue eyes of his. He rubbed his chin with his hand.

‘Well, I hadn’t got a vacancy in my office at the moment.’

Analysis.docx

Analysis

The text I am going to comment on is a story by William Somerset Maugham. He was a prominent English writer, and he is best known by his short stories. When Maugham described people and places in his stories, he did it mostly from his personal experience.

The text under consideration is an individual story «A friend in need». The plot of the story is concerned with situation when Burton the Young was down and out, and he asked Burton the Elder to give him a job. The action takes place in one English office, where Burton the Elder was a prosperous businessman. Such is the plot of the extract.

The story is first person narration. The main idea reveals that every person does his own fade. The author lays particular stress on the fact that everybody must achieve good life. The opening paragraph presents appearance of one of the main heroes in this story. All the details of his appearance speak of Burton the Young’s temperament and style of life.

In this story we can observe the conventional sequence of compositional elements: an exposition, a gradual mounting of tension with final climax, denouement. Exposition presents the time, the place of the action and the circumstances which influence on the action as « he came to see in my office one day and asked me for a job». We found gradation as « he didn’t move. He went rather pale. He hesitated for a moment. He was down and out. If he couldn’t get something to do he would have to commit suicide». And repetition presents in words with negative meaning as «he didn’t move, he couldn’t pay, he couldn’t get». Climax is at the end of the story as « done,-he said», it is the highest, the most dramatic point of the action that have the event of greatest interest and intensity. After climax we found denouement as « we shook hands. I wished him good luck and he left me. I had a lot of work to do that morning and I only just managed to get to the creek at Tarumi at half past twelve. But I needn’t have hurried; he never turned up». Everything is made clear after these words.

There are some compositional elements of the abstract, for example narration, description, explanation, dialogues. When we speak about narration, we really found orderly account of events that followed one another, as «we shook hands. I wished him good luck and he left me», so these are dynamic of things that are shown as happening one after another in their sequence. The description brings out the characteristic features of Burton the Young personality such as his appearance as «he was always well-dressed and smart-looking. He was handsome in a way, with curly hair and pink-and-white cheeks». We found explanation in Burton the Elder words: « if he couldn’t get something to do he’d have to commit suicide».

There is no monologues, but there are a lot of dialogues that reproduced the speech of the characters: « well, isn’t there anything you can do except play cards: «I can swim! Swim! I swam for my university». Here we can see very short sentences and phrases, so laconic phrases and simple constructions make the story more dynamic.

The lexical peculiarities of the passage depended on the choice of words. According to the situation we may found neutral, colloquial and bookish type of the words. Such as colloquial (done, chap, fellow), bookish (hitherto, quarter, credit, constitution), neutral (say, take, swim, women). The use of colloquial English helps to make the story vivid and life like.

The lexical-stylistic peculiarities of the passage is also present in the story. Such as metaphor: « he rubbed his chin with his hand» - it mean that he think; synonyms: « money, penny, credit», comparison: « women thought a lot of him» and « the girls wouldn’t have thought so much of him if they had seen him then», key-words such as swim: « I can swim», « swim», « I swam for my university», « I was a pretty good swimmer» and job: « he asked me for a job», « if he would do it I would give him a job», « offer of job». The usage of key-words deserves special attention of author to Burton the Young because he need job and he could only swim except card playing. There are a lot of toponims as Shioya Club, Tarumi, it means that author directs on truthful backgrounds of the events.

The syntactic peculiarities are expressed by short type of sentences. There are a lot of interrogative and declarative sentence . this means that Burton the Elder and Burton the Young decided the follow way in Burton’s the Young as « How old are you? », «thirty-five», «and what have you been doing hitherto? », «well, nothing very much», «come back and see me in another 35 years».

The syntactic-stylistic peculiarities are expressed by circle structure: at the beginning of the text Burton the Elder gave a kindly little chuckle and at the end of story he gave a little mild chuckle. This construction helps to bring out Burton’s the Elder real face – evil inside, angel outside. And Burton the Elder didn’t confess his guilt. We also found dialogue without words as: « I didn’t say anything, I shrugged my shoulders, he looked at me for a moment and then he nodded». The author clearly displays invisible connection between main heroes.

The liter and psychological peculiarities are expressed by the names of the main heroes. Even the names contribute to the general tenor of the story. Burton the Elder was a prosperous businessman and Burton the Young is the poor card-player. They are both card-players but Burton the Elder went upwards and Burton the Young went downwards because they played with their fade, but only Burton the Elder hope himself and Burton the Young hope on God. To be illustrative of their lives that Burton the Elder plays with people’s lives – he is lucky and Burton the Young plays with his own life – he is loser and he knew perfectly well what he was after. So we found explicitly of facts about Burton the Young and implicitly of facts about Burton the Elder. One more detail here is that Burton the Young couldn’t manage the creek of Tarumi, so he couldn’t manage the point of his life.

Also speech characterization presents in the story. Such as « come back and see me in another 35 years and I’ll see what I can do». This is words of Burton the Elder. This phrase is full of mockery. Burton the Elder want to teach Burton the Young the good lesson.

The story contains a great deal of what was typical at the time the writer lived in, the burning issues of his day and at the same time it deals with the problems nowadays. So it gives the reader food for thoughts make him analyze situations taken from everyday life that every person makes his own fade and every person must hope only on himself. That is why author uses antithesis in the headline of story by a statement « a friend in need is the friend indeed».